Assessment of Microbiological Air Quality in Primary Schools in Albania

Abstract

  Microbiological contamination of indoor air in school environments represents a significant public health issue, particularly for children, who are more susceptible to respiratory diseases and allergic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of exposure to microbiological air pollution in primary schools in Albania and to contribute to protecting students’ health and to standardizing indoor air quality monitoring in educational settings. A cross-sectional study was conducted using both active and passive air sampling techniques. Air samples were cultured on selective media, including Plate Count Agar (PCA), Czapek Agar, Meat-Peptone Agar (MPA), and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Sampling was performed in 29 primary schools across five Albanian districts: Fier, Kukës, Malësi e Madhe, Korçë, and Vlorë. Total microbial and fungal loads were analyzed and compared among different school environments and districts. The findings demonstrated considerable variability in total microbial and fungal concentrations among districts and indoor school areas. The predominant fungal genera identified were Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., and Cladosporium spp. Higher fungal contamination levels were observed in schools located in areas with dense vegetation, while local climatic conditions appeared to influence the distribution of microbial contaminants. Indoor air quality in school environments requires continuous monitoring, as prolonged exposure to microbiological contaminants may adversely affect students’ respiratory health. The results emphasize the need for preventive strategies and for establishing national guidelines for indoor air quality management in primary schools.