Assessment of Hygienic-Sanitary Indicators and Microbiological Exposure in Indoor Environments of Primary Schools in Albania

Abstract

This pilot study aimed to evaluate hygienic–sanitary conditions and microbiological contamination in indoor environments of primary schools in Albania. Fifty primary schools enrolling 9-year-old students were randomly selected from six districts in Albania. Hygienic–sanitary and infrastructural conditions were assessed using five standardized survey instruments. Air and surface samples were collected and analyzed for bacterial, fungal, and yeast contamination. Environmental parameters, including temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation efficiency, were systematically monitored. A substantial proportion of schools did not comply with recommended hygiene and ventilation standards, particularly in restrooms and common indoor areas. Potentially pathogenic microorganisms were predominantly detected in environments with elevated humidity and inadequate cleaning practices. The study reveals significant deficiencies in indoor environmental quality in Albanian primary schools and highlights the need for infrastructural improvements and the implementation of sustainable hygiene and environmental monitoring protocols to reduce microbiological risks and protect children’s health.